QUANTUM ENGINEERING #63: THE QUANTUM ATPase

Man is way behind Mother Nature.  Wolfgang Pauli realized that the free electrons in metal must obey the Fermi–Dirac statistics. Using this idea, he developed the theory of paramagnetism in 1926. Shortly after, Sommerfeld incorporated the Fermi–Dirac statistics into the free electron model and made it better to explain the heat capacity. Two years later, Bloch used quantum mechanics to describe the motion of an electron in a periodic lattice.

The mathematics of crystal structures developed by Auguste Bravais, Yevgraf Fyodorov, and others was used to classify crystals by their symmetry group, and tables of crystal structures were the basis for the International Tables of Crystallography series, first published in 1935.  The band structure calculations were first used in 1930 to predict the properties of new materials, and in 1947, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley developed the first semiconductor-based transistor, heralding a revolution in electronics. 

Why did Nature innovate chlorophyll and hemoglobin before moving on to melanin in the evolutionary history of mammals?  She learned that nitrogen and hydrogen could be liquefied under the right conditions and would then behave as metals.  Then she had some solid-state physics she could innovate life with.  Nature innovated the idea that a classical electron can move freely through a metallic solid in an aqueous liquid crystal.  She realized the power embedded in anisotropic crystals, built us from them, and self-assembled them in sunlight's electric and magnetic fields.   

Birefringence is the optical property of a material with a refractive index that depends on light's polarization and propagation direction. Birefringence occurs in anisotropic materials that are said to be birefringent.  Piezoelectric materials, like bone or collagen,, are anisotropic; they do not have the same properties in all axes. 

Is the ATPase ANISOTRPIC? 

 
What do you know about phosphoresce and ATP?  Is this important in creating the spectrum of biophotons from mitochondrial metabolism?  Is this how it can vary?  The answer is yes.  Metabolism makes heat, light, CO2, and water.  You do not see the light because mitochondrial matrix-created water is an electromagnetic capacitor for these bio-photons.  The water is structured in coherent domains to be transformed for physiologically useful energy in a cell.  This is the PoW mechanism at the core of the quantum cell.  

In simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is, in some cases, the mechanism used for glow-in-the-dark materials, which are "charged" by exposure to light.

Do you know that outside of the visible light spectrum, nnEMF causes calcium efflux?  What is the effect of calcium efflux on the ATPase?  

Did you know that the presence of excess calcium ions has been found to cause a 20% decrease in the phosphorescence emission anisotropy in a cell?

In centralized science, this is interpreted as being due to a conformational change in the protein based on the methodologies being studied.  Moreover, it is supported by data from time-resolved phosphorescence measurements.  These measurements also show a hard physical effect of nnEMF:  nnEMF toxicity lowers the anisotropy.

Anisotropy is a basic property of all crystalline materials. Living tissue is anisotropic.  The organism is a dynamic liquid crystalline continuum with coherent motions on every scale.
Even in nanocrystals and amorphous solids, e.g., metallic glasses, anisotropy is present on an atomic level. Therefore, magnetic anisotropy is an intrinsic property of magnetization in general.

For nanoparticles that are used in the quantum cellular design, this is hard to achieve: because of their small size, they are generally only slightly polarizable by light, and thus, the difference in potential energy will, for accessible electric fields, below. This implies that the conditions for alignment are specific and sensitive to electric fields in cells.  Physics has shown that the minimum size to align a particle depends on the size and shape of the particle because of a nontrivial competition between particle bulkiness and anisotropy.  

Anisotropy, denoted by lowercase “r” in physics equations, indicates molecular size, diffusion, and viscosity.

Several physical techniques or forces in nature can be employed to assist the self-assembly process in cells, such as alignment of the particles by introducing a substrate to the system (atoms), employing a fluid flow (viscosity), or applying external magnetic (free radicals) or electric fields (Becker's DC). An external electric field can align an anisotropic particle due to its anisotropic polarizability, which causes the particle's potential energy to vary with its orientation in the field present in cells.  nnEMF changes this thermodynamic variable.

Since the thermal Brownian motion (Einstein's most cited 1905 paper) competes with the tendency to align, the potential energy difference has to be high enough to overcome these fluctuations and substantially align the particle.

The dependence of the minimum size of an alignable particle on the shape ratio of the particle is non-trivial, as it is not in general true that for alignment, the more anisotropic the particle, the better, nor are bulkier particles always better: for all the particle shapes studied so far, the optimum shape lies in-between these variables.  This implies abnormal Calcium movements in mitochondria have huge anisotropic effects in mitochondria.  This larvae shows that effect below.  

This change in the decay of the emission anisotropy is associated with only minor changes in the rotational relaxation time of the protein and is again suggestive of a conformational change in the protein. This means that one of the biological effects of nnEMF is an altered conformational change in protein semiconductors.   

For example, muscle contractions reduce anisotropy; for instance, contraction of the quadriceps muscle can decrease anisotropy of the patellar tendon.  If that muscle contraction is done under blue light, it compounds the effect inside of mitochondria.  

In the brain anisotropy can be seen on MRI.  Anisotropy measures describe the directional dominance of water diffusion within a region. Within a voxel, the anisotropy provides an index of the degree of uniformity of water diffusion for a specific orientation. Strongly directionally organized tissue, such as the corpus callosum, which is primarily comprised of tightly packed medial–lateral projecting fibers, has a high degree of anisotropy because there is a tendency for diffusion to be highly restricted along the fiber membranes to follow this medial–lateral direction.

However, when the callosal fibers intersect other pathways in the brain, such as the corticospinal tracts which control motor movement, this unidirectional organization is disrupted and the anisotropy is reduced. This has implications in diseases like ALS, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.  Thus, there is a normal anatomy of the cerebral white matter of both high and low regions of anisotropy, and it is therefore not the case that greater anisotropy is always indicative of greater tissue integrity in human brain MRI. In fact, measurements of anisotropy have been performed for various brain diseases, and abnormalities (mostly reduction) have been reported.

In strokes of the human brain, diffusion tensor imaging shows an
increase in fractional anisotropy because of changes in the ATPase and mitochondrial response to hypoxia.  

Welding fumes contain several metals, including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) that at high exposure, may co-influence welding-related neurotoxicity. The relationship between brain accumulation of these metals and neuropathology, especially in welders with subclinical exposure levels, when compared with controls, welders had significantly lower fractional anisotropy in the globus pallidus where Parkinson's Disease occurs.

SUMMARY

It was Albert Einstein who created the modern field of condensed matter physics, starting with his seminal 1905 article on the photoelectric effect and photoluminescence, which opened the fields of photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and later his 1907 article on the specific heat of solids which introduced, for the first time, the effect of lattice vibrations on the thermodynamic properties of crystals, in particular the specific heat.

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons. This field concerns itself with soft matter.  This is the matter cells are made from.  

Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by experiments to measure various material properties and by applying the physical laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, and other physics theories to develop mathematical models and predict the properties of extremely large groups of atoms.  

Anisotropy is firmly in the scientific realm of the condensed matter physicists.  The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary centralized physics: one-third of all American physicists self-identify as condensed matter physicists.

Anisotropy is most typically examined using the calculation for fractional anisotropy (FA); described in Basser and Pierpaoli, 1996; applied in several manuscripts, e.g. Pfefferbaum et al., 2000; Abe et al., 2002), yet similar metrics such as relative anisotropy (RA) have also been applied in the diffusion-imaging literature examining lifespan changes (e.g. Huppi et al., 1998, 2001; Nusbaum et al., 2001; Miller et al., 2002; van Pul et al., 2005; Y. Zhang et al., 2005; Camara et al., 2007; Schneiderman et al., 2007; Stahl et al., 2007).


In some of the papers I have read on this fundamental process, ATP was also observed to lower the time-averaged phosphorescence anisotropy inside of cells, possibly via an interaction with the low-affinity regulatory site of the protein.

None of these things are controlled for in nnEMF toxicity studies.  When my @Bitcoinandbeef interview

CITES
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123964601000123

Cersosimo M. G., Koller W. C. (2006). The diagnosis of manganese-induced parkinsonism. Neurotoxicology 27, 340–346.

Lucchini R. G., Martin C. J., Doney B. C. (2009). From manganism to manganese-induced parkinsonism: A conceptual model based on the evolution of exposure. Neuromol. Med. 11, 311–321.

Hashimoto R., Mori T., Nemoto K., Moriguchi Y., Noguchi H., Nakabayashi T., Hori H., Harada S., Kunugi H., Saitoh O. (2009). Abnormal microstructures of the basal ganglia in schizophrenia revealed by diffusion tensor imaging. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 10, 65–69.

S. C. Glotzer and M. J. Solomon, Nature Mater. 6, 557 (2007).

S.-M. Yang, S.-H. Kim, J.-M. Lima, and G.-R. Yi, J. Mater. Chem. 18, 2177 (2008).

L. Rossi, S. Sacanna, and K. P. Velikov, Soft Matter 7, 64 (2011).