haΩaj lesson 2 - pronouns (aΩde)

we now begin to look into basic haΩaj grammar, this first word category being the pronouns (aΩde). haΩaj has 2 pluralities (singular + plural) and 3 perspectives [+plus a 4th separate perspective] and these 2 pluralities and these 3 perspectives multiply to create a table  for the pronouns, at least in principle, because of some irregularities. in the first perspective (or first person) pronouns we have the equivalent of a singular "I" and plural "we". in haΩaj we further subdivide the pronouns into a gender distinction, the feminine gender, and otherwise. this is only an observation of what haΩaj PRONOUNS can convey as far as gender. elsewhere in haΩaj there are many and specific ways to talk about gender and its varieties and nuances, however in haΩaj grammar the gender distinction specifically recognises and highlights the feminine gender as something that is special. this means that , at least within pronouns, sometimes there isn't a grammatical distinction between masculine and gender-neutral pronouns. such is the case with the first person pronouns. for "I" we have "ega" and "deg" ("ega" being the feminine and "deg" being otherwise). the "otherwise" refers to anybody who may be non-binary, or someone who is gender non specific (this could mean somebody whose gender is unknown or irrelevant) but at the same time will also include any definitively masculine subject. in the plural side "we" is split into 4 parts. another 2x2 table where one row is gender and one column is "inclusion":

a§ni / dog
alqa / dujq

(left being feminine right being masculine). "a§ni + dog" are the word "we" + the inclusion of whoever is in the audience. this means that when you say "we", you are talking about a set of people, and as long as whomever you are speaking too is a member of that set, then that person is included in a§ni or dog.
"alqa + dujq" are EXCLUSIVE , which means that if you are talking about a set of people "we", and whomever you are speaking to is NOT a member of that set, then you would use this EXCLUSIVE pronoun to talk about the "we" set.

in the second person, we have the haΩaj equivalent of the english words "you" and "y'all". in the singular form you have "anë" and "daºn" (the same gender distinction as mentioned previously). in the plural side you have once again a 2x2 table where one column is gender and the other row is now "presence".

ibºë / doºgºë
idºë / doºdë

the top row is used when you are speaking ABOUT a set of multiple people in the second person, and everyone about whom you are talking is present in the audience . the bottom row is used when 1 or more of the people you are talking about is ABSENT from the audience.

in the third person we begin to see a gender distinction between the masculine gender and any otherwise non-specific or irrelevant gender. the haΩaj equivalent of "she" (feminine 3rd person singular) is "cadi". masculine is "norë", and gender neutral/nonspecific is "odë". note that "odë" is used for any genderless noun as well as a gender nonspecific person. a non binary person, for example, can opt to use "odë" for themself in the third person, and you would also use "odë" in the same gender-neutral or gender-nonspecific context as the english singular form of "they".

on the plural side of the 3rd person we see the same subdivision + a distinction between people and objects. (usually in haΩaj grammar you see distinctions between livings things [usually people] and objects) but this distinction is simply not present in the 3rd person singular, however it IS in the 3rd person plural. cadi becomes "cadja", norë becomes "norëm", odë (people) becomes "níe§ta", and odë (objects) becomes "ni§". note that "níe§ta" is used for any set of people with a mixed arrangement of gender, so it does not exclusively mean that the people in the group are gender nonspecific. if there is an absolut arrangement of all girls, it would be cadja, and norëm for boys.

the final perspective is a "general" perspective which is used to refer to "everyone" as a general statement. the english equivalent to this is the word "you" in certain contexts and usages (for example "you cannot move faster than the speed of light", where "you" is not referring to any person in specific, but rather a general pronoun that encompasses everyone)

then i introduce the case system. pronouns (and nouns) exist in one of 6 cases and they are identified using grammatical particles called "£◊er". these cases are called "é◊ëm". they are "tén'◊ë", "ën'◊ë", "náv'◊ë", "alt'◊ë", "¶u◊ë", and "§i◊ë". (note that i am using an apostrophe in these words to separate the fact that the "◊ë" is written with a bëban and not an aºgsen). these 6 é◊ëm can be subdivided into 3 groups. the first group is the "subject" class. "tén'◊ë" is the "actioner" subject, and "ën'◊ë" is the "nominative" subject. the "actioner" is any noun or pronoun in a sentence that is performing the action of a verb, and the "nominative" is any noun or pronoun which is being nominated without any other influence of any verb or preposition. the second group is the "object" class where "náv'◊ë" is the direct object and "alt'◊ë" is the indirect object. the direct object is directly affected by the action of a verb or the influence of a preposition, and the indirect object is affected by a verb either with another directly affected object or action intermediately or by the indirect intention (or lack thereof) of the subject that performed the action. distinguishing between these two cases allows you to communicate the intention behind actions. the final case group is the "property" class where you have "¶ú◊ë" and "§i◊ë". the ¶ú◊ë case is used for "possessive" property, identifying ownership to someone/something, while the "§i◊ë" is used for "intrinsic" property, identifying intrinsic attributes or characteristics about someone/something. in haΩaj you identify the case that a noun or pronoun exists in by adding its corresponding particle (£◊ar) as a suffix at the end of the word. the suffix changes depending on the plurality of the noun/pronoun:
ën'◊ë - Ωa / Ωe
tén'◊ë - ba / be
náv'◊ë - na / ne
alt'ב - sa / se
§i◊ë - ha / he
¶ú◊ë - hanaj / hanej
note that the "hanaj" particle changing between "hanaj" and "hanej" does not depend on the plurality of the noun/pronoun it is attached to, but rather the plurality of the thing/things that are BELONGING to the noun/pronoun.

i then talk a little bit about the spectrum of grammatical completeness that exists in haΩaj, where one extreme is "vroarsdëghaΩaj" (haΩaj with redundancies omitted [as much as possible]) and "ctarahathaΩaj" (haΩaj in its most complete grammatical form). this is a complicated topic to cover in just one video segment, however you will see it more and more as we study haΩaj further. for the purposes of pronouns, understand that the information about which pronoun is being talked about, or which case the pronoun is in, can in some instances be inferred through other things aside from actually saying the word/particle, which means that if it isn't vital for transmitting the necessary information than it is "redundant" and can easily be omitted, thus saving syllables. you can drop the case particle, you can even drop the pronoun all together, but the most usable way of reducing the syllable count is by contracting the pronoun with its case particle. here is a list of every pronoun + its case particle contraction: (note that the words in parenthesis are equally valid equivalents [and also i made some mistakes in the video, because every plural pronoun would carry the plural form of the case particle [meaning it should have the "e" vowel insdea of "a", and other mistakes, refer to this list inestead of in the video)

ega: eΩ (eΩa), eb (eba), en (ena), es (esa), eh (eha), gáhnaj/nej

deg: deΩ , deb, den , des, deh, dehnaj/nej

anë: aΩ (aΩa), ab (aba), an (ana), as (asa), ah (aha), náhnaj/nej

daºn: daºΩ, daºb, daºn, daºs, daºh, daºhnaj/nej

cadi: caΩ, cab, can, cas, cah, cáhnaj/nej

odë: oΩ, ob, on, os, oh, ohnaj/nej

norë: noΩ, nob, non, nos, noh, nohnaj/nej

a§ni: a§be, a§ne, a§se, a§he, a§naj/nej

dog: doΩ, dob, don, dos, doh, dohnaj/nej

alqa: alΩe, albe, alne, als, al’he, al’hnaj/nej

dujq: dujΩ, dujb, dujn, dujs, dujh, dujhnaj/nej

ibºë: ibΩe, ibe, ibën, ibs, ibëh, ibhnaj/nej

doºgºë: Ωoºb, doºb, doºn, doºs, doºh, doºhnaj/nej

idºë: iΩe, ide, idën, i∂, idëh, id’hnaj/nej

doºdºë: Ωoºd, dºëb, dºën, dºës, dºëh, dºëhnaj/nej

níe§ta: níeΩ, níeb, níen, níes, níeh, níehnaj/nej

cadja: djaΩ, djab, djan, djas, djah, djahnaj/nej

norëm, ◊ëΩ, ◊ëb, ◊ën, ◊ës, ◊ëh, ◊ëhnaj/nej

ni§, niΩ, nib, nin, nis, nih, nihnaj/nej

su, suΩ, sub, sun, sus, suh, suhnaj/nej

the possession of an object is identified using the ¶ú◊ë case and "hanaj" particle, but there is a second way to talk about ownership, the english equivalent of "my". when something is in the ¶ú◊ë case, the english equuivalent would be "mine", or "yours", or "his" or "hers" or "ours" or "theirs" or "its". however "my" and "mine" are different in the same way that "egahanaj" and "ga" are different. this "non hanaj possesive" exists for every pronoun listed like so: (singular and plural)

ega - ga / ge

deg - eg / ejg

anë - në / ne

daºn - aºn / ojn

cadi - di(n)

norë - ◊ë(n)

odë - dë / de

a§ni - ni / nja
dog - og(e)

alqa - qa / qe
dujq - ujq / ujqe

ibºë - bºë(m)

doºgºë - gºë(m)

idºë - dºë(m)
doºdºë - dºë(m)

níe§ta - ta / te

cadja - dja / dje
norëm - ◊ëm / ◊em

ni§ - §a / §e

su - su(n)

every pronoun has two relflexive particules that you can use in conjunction with verbs to descibe actions or events/states that have a reflexive effect, and similarly to how the direct and indirect object allows you to understand information about the intention of an event, so too can the direct and indirect reflexives. this looks like so: (left is direct, right is indirect)

ega - vim / vajm

deg- vig / vajg

anë - and / anµ
daºn - dand / danµ

cadi - taj / t‡aj

norë - taºn / t‡aºn

odë - tër / t‡ër

a§ni - §in / §ajn
dog - §og / §ëg

alqa - laq / lajq

dujq - daq / dajq

ibºë - bum / bujm

doºgºë - gum / gujm

idºë - dun / dujn
doºdºë - doºn / dojn

níe§ta - na§t / ne§t
cadja - tej / t‡ej

norëm - teºn / t‡eºn

ni§ - na§ / ne§

su - sar / sajr

used in conjunction with a reflexive, you can describe when an action or state has a direct or indirect effect on a group of people/things where there is an exchange. the english equivalent is the word "eachother". you attach "lot" to the reflexive (eg: §inlot = us eachother)

finally we have a particle "caº" which is used  to convey "self" in the context of "by myself" or "i did this on my own". this attaches as a suffix to the pronoun like "egacaº" = "myself". NOT the same as the reflexive. i would use "egacaº" to say something like "i figured out how to speak haΩaj on my own"